Compare the attitudes to war in the three poems Essay

‘Rule Britannia’ was written in 1740. The title ‘Rule’ makes the peruser feel this is an order by God. Rule Britannia is an amazingly energetic sonnet which makes the picture that Britain is the spot of the Lord and Britain is the best. This picture is inferred by: ‘Arose from out the sky blue land, This was the contract of the land, Furthermore, watchman blessed messengers sung the strain’ This citation would make the peruser imagine that Britain was conceived from the ocean, by gatekeeper heavenly attendants who are the delivery people from God. This infers God made Britain and how it came out from the ocean, so we Britain should lead the ocean. Another way that the energetic picture is suggested is by the melody: ‘Rule, Britannia, rule the waves; Briton never will be slaves.’ This leads the peruser to believe that the British are amazingly self-important, how they figure they will never be slaves likewise how Britain think they are the Gods of the ocean. A 21st century peruser would of considered this to be as energetic and haughty yet an individual perusing this in 1740 would of considered this to be valid. England ruled the ocean and the British at the time would have never figured they would be slaves, they thought they were too large and significant for that. This sonnet is inconsiderate about different nations specifically Spain. James Tompson portrays different nations as ‘ Tyrants’, in the setting that this word is utilized it infers that different nations are presumptuous unforgiving discretionary individuals, a few perusers my believe that the utilization of dictator is alluding to these outsiders being hoodlums. This is another way that the sonnet shows egotism, how the Britain is extraordinary and how the various nations are lawbre akers. The author utilizes the picture of the oak tree to make a devoted picture once more: ‘Still increasingly glorious shalt thou rise, Increasingly terrifying from each remote stroke; As the uproarious impact that tears the skies Serves yet to just root thy local oak.’ What this is stating essentially is that each time Britain gets assaulted it gets more grounded. At the point when an oak tree typically gets hit with roar of lightning( a similitude for group fire from Britain’s enemy’s) which is being suggested in line three of that citation you would anticipate that it should get decimated and split down the middle. This doesn't occur however, it just makes Britain more grounded. This would make a very energetic picture of how Britain is simply getting more grounded from each assault and how the adversary is never going to demolish Britain. Close to the finish of this sonnet another energetic picture is made, ‘ and masculine hearts to watch the fair.’ This suggests the picture that the British watchman their ladies and how the British are genuine respectable men. Rule Britannia considers war to be a heavenly thing, war is something that God would not denounce. This is accomplished by the melody ‘Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;’ this gives the feeling that Britain should control the waves, the word rule is utilized in an intriguing manner. At the point when I previously read this sonnet I believed that the word was Royal, as in it was a sacred thing. I accept this is an intentional impact, the word rule is there to make the peruser believe that Britain should control the ocean however I think it is additionally there purposely as an analogy to make the peruser to consider Royal which would make the peruser feel that administering the ocean is an order from God. In the event that it was an order from God it would imply that he was advising Britain to control the ocean so battle any wars they have to achieve this. Rule Britannia is a sure sonnet, no where in the sonnet doubts creep in. . ‘Rule, Britannia, rule the wave Briton will never be slaves’ At the point when you read this you see the picture of individuals singing this noisy, certain of what they need to do. This infers this sonnet is for war, the author James Tompson suggests that war is a happy thing something that must be done, this is practiced by the sonnet. The melody of sonnet is intended to be sung, when I consider singing I partner it with singing things which are correct and joyful, it isn't frequently you sing about dismal things, when the sonnet was composed James tompson knew this and intentionally made it so the theme would be sung. In Royal Britannia they writer neglects to make reference to of the negative, he even goes to the degree of saying that war just makes Britain more grounded, this can be found in my third statement on page 1. This assists with building the certainty of the sonnet on the grounds that no negatives have been referenced; this is suggesting that there are no negative things about war. The charge of the light detachment is extremely certain on a superficial level however then some uncertainty appears to sneak in. The vital line in this sonnet is ‘Some one had blundered:’ this line is incredibly indifferent. It is the primary indication of uncertainty sneaking in. Later on in the charge of the light Brigade a similar line is rehashed twice, this line is ‘ All the world wondered’. This line shows that individuals were question why these men were battling, what was the purpose of this. This perspective on question never entered the principal sonnet, it resembled everybody was concurred that war was an extraordinary thing, in the second sonnet this uncertainty comes in and Tennyson is indicating that not every person imagines that war is so magnificent. Not at all like the Rule Britannia the charge of the light Brigade makes reference to negative things about war. I trust Tennyson is attempting to show the peruser that the war isn't all extraordinary, individuals do kick the bucket. As I referenced before the line about somebody bumbling is amazingly unoriginal, this infers to the peruser that in war there are no people, everybody is simply observed as gun grain, in the event that you kick the bucket nobody cares. The manner in which the line is said makes this occasion sound like it happens regularly, ordinarily when somebody blunderers or kicks the bucket you would be stunned however the manner in which it is said makes it sound like a typical occasion of war, Tennyson has purposely not utilized !, I accept this is him attempting to appear there is no stun. In war there are passings constantly, it is nothing uncommon I accept this is the thing that the creator is attempting to appear. Rule Britannia sees war something that is fundamental, it should be done to control the ‘tyrants’, without war these ‘criminals’ would take the oceans, Rule Britannia even gives the feeling that the decision the ocean is an order from God. The charge of the light detachment is totally different to the view that war is upheld by God, Tennyson partners war with death, ‘Back from the mouth of Death’, this suggests when these men where charging they were going into heck, so they when they battle and have a war they are entering heck, Tennyson is stating that was is thing of the Devil so it is shrewd. The charge of the light unit suggests that war makes legends. This can be seen by ‘Stormed at with shot and shell. ‘While pony and legend fell’ and ‘Honour the charge they made Respect the light Brigade’ At the point when the troopers began they were depicted in an exceptionally indifferent manner, presently they are being portrayed as legends. This would make the peruser feel that the writer assessment is that the individuals who battle in war become legends. The charge of the light Brigade was composed 1854. The word ‘charge’ infers the picture that this assault was exceptionally uncontrolled, sloppy assault. The charge of the light Brigade is extremely certain on a superficial level yet question creeps in the further you go in. This sonnet has a rhyme which mirrors ponies running. All through the charge of the light unit there are relationship with death and the fallen angel, ‘Jaws of hell’ and ‘ Into the valley of Death’. The charge of the light Brigade has two endings, the first was altered so it was reasonable for the peruser. The completion which is imprinted in this booklet praises the men who partook in the charge more that the other closure. The subsequent completion depicts the activities of the men as ‘bold’, this infers the activities of the men were idiotic and not thoroughly considered. To be proceeded.

Myth of Individual Opportunity

The idea of American character includes numerous logical inconsistencies, and one of them is a disavowal of existing abberations in societies, customs, and language vernaculars. In this manner, the American model of absorption and the arrangement of new personality made numerous difficulties for various ethnic gatherings scarifying their convictions for making equivalent opportunities.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Myth of Individual Opportunity explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More All these pressures are expressly represented in Studs Terkel’s C. P. Ellis, James McBride’s The Boy in the Mirror, and in Rereading America by Colombo, Cullen, and Lisle. The readings demonstrate that making a fantasy of equivalent and individual benefits for the American individuals was set as a sort of bargain for individuals to escape from the developing ethnic clashes and make a solitary personality, another state for better future. Nonetheless, revocation of recently settled customs and personalities, people’s hesitance to accommodate with their beginnings to shield their chances, and dread of racial and ethnic superiorities make an illusionary vacuum that isn't harmonious with the truth of that period. While endeavoring to uniformity and opportunity of human rights and making singular open doors for improvement, the American individuals dismissed the recently settled customs and existing characters. The need of human rights over culture is delineated in Terkel’s C. P. Ellis where the hero, a white man, attempts to see himself and encompassing individuals as singularities, yet not as social generalizations for continuing equity and fairness. Simultaneously, joining the Klan furnishes Ellis with a possibility for individual self-acknowledgment and turning into a piece of personality: â€Å"They said they were with the Klan and have meeting close-by. Would I be intrigued? Kid, that was an open door I truly an ticipated! To be a piece of something† (Terkel 202). Like most of individuals, the legend inclines toward fellowship to partition and isolation, which supplies him with increasingly singular chances. The case is a brilliant illustration of how the fantasy of individual benefits can be dissipated. Essentially, McBride’s story additionally underscores the character’s weak endeavors to associate himself to a specific personality whose ethnic foundation presents an incredible puzzle: â€Å"Now, as a developed man I feel favored to have originated from two universes. My perspective on the world isn't just that of a Black man, however that of a Black man with something of Jewish soul† (McBride 79). Thusly, the writer offers tribute to his mom and makes another personality for himself.Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being inserted inside a conju red up universe keeps the American individuals from understanding their sources and protecting their distinction. In such manner, the possibility of the American character implanted in a promise to the chief qualities uncovers a few misinterpretations, precluding the presence from securing heterogeneous society. Seeking after these ideological beliefs, â€Å"the show of turning into an American has profound roots: foreigners take on another personality †another arrangement of social fantasies †in light of the fact that they to become†¦equal individuals with all the rights, duties, and chances of their individual citizens† (Colombo, Cullen, and Lisle 374). Comparable disaster can be seen in McBride’s considerations on ethnic inceptions and personality. Specifically, the creator sees the world where his mom lived: â€Å"White people, she felt, were certainly detestable towards blacks, yet she constrained us to go to a white school to get the best instruct ion. Blacks could be confided in additional, yet anything including dark was presumably somewhat substandard† (McBride 22). The creator, in any case, figures out how to find some kind of harmony between ideological personality existed in America in the first of the previous century and his individual objectives and goals. McBride considerations on character are additionally fortified by the supposition that individuals yield their starting points and customs to making a reasonable and equivalent express that recognize individuals as indicated by their temperances, however not as per their ethnic and social association. Be that as it may, the supposition that is bogus on the grounds that â€Å"instead of the equivalent and amicable mixing of societies, it proposes a racial and ethnic progressive system dependent on â€Å"natural superiority† of Anglo-Americans† (Colombo, Cullen, and Lisle 374). Being affected by â€Å"melting pot† philosophies, individuals overlooked their foundations and hugeness of accommodating social personalities. The fantasy about another state with thoughts and rules can be handily dissipated if mulling over the presence of those superiorities during the 40s of the twenties century. By demonstrating the opposite, Terkel unveils the protagonists’ choice to be guided by individualistic methodologies instead of by generalizations inside â€Å"the American Dream context† setting. Reprimanding these compelling components, the creator states, â€Å"[p]eople are being utilized those in charge, the individuals who have all the wealth†¦But the individuals who have it just don’t need the individuals who don’t have it to have any piece of it.† Interpreting this, the idea of the American personality was made by the predominant lion's share that strived to smother any showcases of heterogeneity. All in all, all the books pull back the possibility of the American personality empowering individuals to satisfy their objectives. To be sure, dismissing the ethnical characters and heterogeneity, want to get equivalent open doors for advancement, and dread of racial prevalence contributed enormously over the formation of bogus ID. Terkel and McBride, along with Colombo, Cullen, and Lisle have figured out how to expose the fantasies about individual open doors through uncovering a genuine image of the authority of the White class overwhelming over peripheral groups.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Myth of Individual Opportunity explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Colombo, Gary, Cullen Robert, Lisle Bonnie. Rehashing America. US: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Print. McBride, James: The shade of water: a Black man’s tribute to his white mother. US: Riverhead Books. 1996. Print. Terkel, Studs. C. P. Ellice. In American Dreams: Lost and Found. US: The New Press. 2005. Print. This article on Myth of Individual Opportunity was composed and put together by client Kingsley A. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. 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Peak Experiences in Psychology

Peak Experiences in Psychology Theories Personality Psychology Print Peak Experiences in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 18, 2020 Ascent Xmedia / The Image Bank / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In Abraham Maslows famous hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is located at the very top of the pyramid, representing the need to fulfill ones individual potential. According to Maslow, peak experiences play an important role in self-actualization.?? Self-actualization is actually considered quite rare, which means that peak experiences can be equally elusive. Not all people reach the peak of Maslows pyramid. Peak experiences are not restricted solely to self-actualized individuals, however. Maslow believed that all people are capable of having these moments, but he also felt that self-actualized people were likely to experience them more often. In one study, researchers found that only about two percent of individuals surveyed had ever had a peak experience. How Do Psychologists Define Peak Experiences? Peak experiences are often described as transcendent moments of pure joy and elation. These are moments that stand out from everyday events. The memory of such events is lasting and people often liken them to a spiritual experience.?? Other experts describe peak experiences in the following ways: Peak experiences involve a heightened sense of wonder, awe, or ecstasy over an experience.(Privette, Defining moments of self-actualization: Peak performance and peak experience, 2001) ...a highly valued experience which is characterized by such intensity of perception, depth of feeling, or sense of profound significance as to cause it to stand out, in the subjects mind, in more or less permanent contrast to the experiences that surround it in time and space.(Leach, Meaning and Correlates of Peak Experience, 1962) Characteristics Privette (2001) developed an Experience Questionnaire designed to look at both the shared and unique characteristics of peak experiences. After looking at a wide variety of people, Privette identified peak experiences as sharing the following three key characteristics: 3 Characteristics of Peak Experiences Significance: Peak experiences lead to an increase in personal awareness and understanding and can serve as a turning point in a persons life.Fulfillment: Peak experiences generate positive emotions and are intrinsically rewarding.Spiritual: During a peak experience, people feel at one with the world and often experience a sense of losing track of time. When Do Peak Experiences Occur? Maslow suggested that one of the best ways to think of peak experiences are to think of the most wonderful experiences of your lifeâ€"those moments of ecstasy and complete and utter happiness. Being in love is one example of a peak experience. Such moments may also occur when you are in a creative moment or when reading a book or listening to a movie. You might feel a sense of being hit by a particular creative work in a way that strikes an emotional chord inside of you. In one survey, people reported that peak experiences tended to occur during artistic, athletic or religious experiences. Moments in nature?? or during intimate moments with family or friends were also common. Achieving an important goal, either a personal or collective one could also lead to a peak experience. Other moments when such experiences might occur include when an individual helps another person in need or after overcoming some type of adversity. What Does a Peak Experience Feel Like? So what exactly does it feel like to have a peak experience? Some describe these moments as a sense of awe, wonder, and amazement. Think of the sense of awe you may feel while watching a sunset or the excitement you might experience during the final moments of a close basketball game.?? Peak Experiences and Flow Peak experiences bear numerous similarities to the concept known as flow described by positive psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Flow is a state of mind during which people become so involved in an activity that the world seems to fade away and nothing else seems to matter. When in a state of flow, times seems to fly by, the focus becomes sharp and people experience a loss of self-consciousness.?? Flow can happen when a person is having a peak experience, but not all instances of flow qualify as peak experiences. Everyday moments such as becoming engrossed in a thrilling book, working on a satisfying project, or enjoying an afternoon game of basketball can all lead to a flow state, but these moments are not necessarily peak experiences.

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Essay about Beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison

Throughout all of history there has been an ideal beauty that most have tried to obtain. But what if that beauty was impossible to grasp because something was holding one back. There was nothing one could do to be ‘beautiful’. Growing up and being convinced that one was ugly, useless, and dirty. For Pecola Breedlove, this state of longing was reality. Blue eyes, blonde hair, and pale white skin was the definition of beauty. Pecola was a black girl with the dream to be beautiful. Toni Morrison takes the reader into the life of a young girl through Morrison’s exceptional novel, The Bluest Eye. The novel displays the battles that Pecola struggles with each and every day. Morrison takes the reader through the themes of whiteness and beauty,†¦show more content†¦The affiliation between beauty and whiteness limits the concept of beauty only to the person’s exterior. The characters are constantly subjected to images and symbols of whiteness through movies , books, candy, magazines, baby dolls and advertisements. Another example of the images and symbols in the novel is when the black protagonist, Pecola, feasts on a ‘Mary Jane’ candy. â€Å"She remembers the Mary Janes. Each pale yellow rapper has a picture on it. A picture of little Mary Jane, for whom the candy is named. Smiling white face. Blonde hair in gentle disarray, blue eyes looking at her out of a world of clean comfort. The eyes are petulant, mischievous. To Pecola they are simply pretty. She eats the candy, and its sweetness is good. To eat the candy is somehow to eat the eyes, eat Mary Jane. Love Mary Jane. Be Mary Jane,† (Morrison, 50). In this quotation, Morrison uses the Mary Jane candy to represent white beauty. When Pecola explains the sweetness, simplicity, and love that is identified with the Mary Jane candy, she is actually explaining the attributes of the white culture. The quotation also emphasizes Pecola’s desire to be white rather than black when she ends with, â€Å"Be Mary Jane†, which highlights the theme of beauty and how it affects the young black girls. Along with whiteness being associated with beauty, blackness is associated with ugliness. As mentioned before, it may be trueShow MoreRelatedBeauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay613 Words   |  3 PagesBeauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Some people will argue with you that there is always an ugly duckling somewhere in a family. I see it different, I see these people as unique. In Toni Morrisons book, The Bluest Eye there is the issue of being beautiful and ugly. In this essay I will discuss how Toni Morrison book The Bluest Eye initiates that during 1941 white was beautiful and black was ugly in the surrounding of two families. The issue of beauty versus ugliness is portrayingRead MoreThe Search for Beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesbeautiful so they would be accepted at school, as well as loved and acknowledged more. Pecola Breedlove in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye is no different than any other little girl. She too wants to be beautiful. America has set the standards that to be beautiful one must have quot; blue eyes, blonde hair, and white skinquot; according to Wilfred D. Samuels Toni Morrison (10). This perception of beauty leads Pecola to insanity because just as society cannot accept a little ugly black girl neither canRead MoreSelf-Hatred and the Aesthetics of Beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1287 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Aesthetics of Beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Topic: Discuss the issues of self-hatred and the aesthetics of beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. What role do they play in the novel and how do they relate to its theme? Self-hatred leads to self-destruction†¦ Self-hatred is something that can thoroughly destroy an individual. As it was fictitiously evidenced in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, it can lead an individual to insanity. Toni Morrison raises the idea thatRead MoreBluest Eye1268 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that a black African could write a good book† (Satwase). In the Bluest Eye Toni Morrison uses wrong and discomfort to show the crushing consequences that come from racism. In 1950 America, racial discrimination was implied by different skin colors. The Bluest Eye shows ways in which white beauty standards hurt lives of black females, blacks that discriminate on each other and the community’s bias on who you were. Toni Morrison uses the racism of the 1950 s and shows that It is the blacknessRead MoreEssay On The Bluest Eye1562 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, in the book, â€Å"The Bluest Eye† by Toni Morrison, they live up to their reputations for how they view themselves. Specifically, being focus ed on women like Pecola, and Claudia. They are often questioning their worth from society’s judgement of beauty. Though one character, Frieda embraces it despite being black. With having everything temporary, the desire of grasping and having something permanent increases. The women desires to be of a lighter skin tone with blue eyes, but will being privilegedRead More Memoirs of a Geisha and the Bluest Eye Essay example900 Words   |  4 PagesMemoirs of a Geisha and the Bluest Eye Memoirs of a Geisha by Aurthor Golden and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison are two thought provoking books with a unique style of writing. Memoirs of a Geisha has a beautiful poetic grammar which captures readers imagination and brings the story to life. Morrison on the other hand uses combined voices to give varied perspectives with out resorting to authorial intrusion or preaching. Memoirs Of A Geisha and the bluest eye both contain graphic realismRead MoreWoman Is The Nigger Of The Wolrd: The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison934 Words   |  4 PagesIgnored as a person. Denied as a species. ‘The total absence of human recognition† (Morrison, 36). For decades, African-Americans have not only been looked down upon by white people, they have been dehumanized. Toni Morrison is controversial for pillorying this topic, that has been silenced by white society for years, not from the ‘Master Narrative’ perspective, that is the white male one’s, but from the exact opposite of this: an African-American girl. By doing this, she does not only awake pityRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison2069 Words   |  9 Pagesdictate to the standards of beauty. In her novel, ‘The Bluest Eye’, Toni Morrison draws upon symbolism, narrative voice, setting and ideals of the time to expose the effects these standards had on the different characters. With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrier of social classes, we are able to understand how African American’s in 1940’s America, specifically Ohio, had to adapt to the white ideals/standards of beauty, which subsequently causedRead MoreStruggling through the Great Depression in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye1347 Words   |  5 PagesToni Morrison was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in 1931 in Lorain, Ohio. Morrison grew up with a love of literature and received her undergraduate degree from Howard University. She received a mas ter’s degree from Cornell University, she taught at Texas Southern University and then at Howard, in Washington, D.C., where she met Harold Morrison, an designer from Jamaica. The marriage lasted six years, and Morrison gave birth to two sons. She and her husband separated while she was pregnant with her secondRead MoreThe Reinforcement of Racial Hierarchies in Morrisons The Bluest Eye and Neals The Black Arts Movement1411 Words   |  6 PagesRace and racial hierarchies are reinforced through the proliferation of a predominant, societal, white aesthetic and through the perceptions associated with physical characteristics. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison first illustrates the reinforcement of racial hierarchies through the proliferation of a predominant, societal white aesthetic by recounting passages from the Dick and Jane books, a standardization of family life. Next, â€Å"The Black Arts Movement† by Larry Neal demonstrates the reinforcement

English Romanticism Free Essays

string(494) " of these men has been adopted \(purified indeed from what appear to be its real defects, from all lasting and rational causes of dislike or disgust\) because such men hourly communicate with the best objects from which the best part of language is originally derived; and because, from their rank in society and the sameness and narrow circle of their intercourse, being less under the influence of social vanity, they convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions\." English Romanticism 1798-1832 Historical Background Industrial Revolution 1776 American Revolution 1789 – 1815 Revolutionary and Napoleonic Period in France 1789 storming of the Bastille 1793 King Louis XVI executed Political unrest in Britain, harsh repressive measures against radicals Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution of France 1790 Tom Paine, Rights of Man 1791 Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792 1793 Britain at war with France The Regency 1811-20 George, Prince of Wales acts as Regent for George III 1815 Waterloo; first modern industrial depression 819 Peterloo, St. Peter’s Fields, Manchester 1832 First Reform Bill Social and economic changes Industrialisation – the age of the machine Social philosophy of laissez-faire ‘let alone’ urbanisation Literature Lyrical poetry Two generations of poets First generation: WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, S. T. We will write a custom essay sample on English Romanticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now COLERIDGE Second generation: BYRON, SHELLEY, KEATS Keats ‘Great spirits now on earth are sojourning’ William Hazlitt – the new poetry ‘had its origin in the French Revolution. It was a time of promise, of renewal of the world – and of letters. ‘ Wordsworth, The Prelude France standing on the top of golden hours And human nature seeming born again! Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven†¦. The poet as a ‘bard’ or ‘prophet’ Poetic spontaneity and freedom Poetry – subjective; it expresses the poet’s own feelings (lyric poetry) Rebellion against the Neo-classical ‘rules’ Keats: ‘if poetry comes not as naturally as the leaves to a tree it had not come at all’ The importance of ‘the heart’ – instinct, intuition, INDIVIDUALISM, NONCONFORMITY The human mind – IMAGINATION Turning to NATURE THE INTEREST IN THE SUPERNATURAL, and DREAMS 1798 Wordsworth Coleridge LYRICAL BALLADS 770 born at Cockermouth, The Lake District Educated at Cambridge 1791-2 France – Annette Vallon 1795, reunited with his sister Dorothy meets S. T. Coleridge 1797 moves with his sister Dorothy to Alfoxden to be close to Coleridge, who lives at Nether Stowey (Somerset) The role of friendship wit h Coleridge 1798/1799 Goslar, Germany 1799 settles with Dorothy in the Lake District, first at Grasmere 1802 marries Mary Hutchinson 1813 appointed stamp distributor for Westmoreland – becomes patriotic, conservative public man, abandoning radical politics and idealism 1843 Poet Laureate Lyrical Ballads 1798 Coleridge on composition of Lyrical Ballads in Ch. XIV of Biographia Literaria During the first year that Mr. Wordsworth and I were neighbours, our conversations turned frequently on the two cardinal points of poetry, the power of exciting the sympathy of the reader by a faithful adherence to the truth of nature, and the power of giving the interest of novelty by the modifying colours of imagination. The sudden charm, which accidents of light and shade, which moon-light or sun-set diffused over a known and familiar landscape, appeared to represent the practicability of combining both. These are the poetry of nature. The thought suggested itself (to which of us I do not recollect) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts. In the one, the incidents and agents were to be, in part at least, supernatural; and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions as would naturally accompany such situations, supposing them real. And real in this sense they have been to every human being who, from whatever source of delusion, has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency. For the second class, subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life; the characters and incidents were to be such, as will be found in every village and its vicinity, where there is a meditative and feeling mind to seek after them, or to notice them, when they present themselves. In this idea originated the plan of the ‘Lyrical Ballads’; in which it was agreed, that my endeavours should be directed to per sons and characters supernatural, or at least romantic, yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for hese shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith. Mr. Wordsworth on the other hand was to propose to himself as his object, to give the charm of novelty to things of every day, and to excite a feeling analogous to the supernatural, by awakening the mind’s attention from the lethargy of custom, and directing it to the loveliness and the wonders of the world before us; an inexhaustible treasure, but for which in consequence of the film of familiarity and selfish solicitude we have eyes, yet see not, ears that hear not, and hearts that neither feel nor understand. Wordsworth’s Advertisment to Lyrical Ballads 1798 The majority of the following poems are to be considered as experiments. They were written chiefly with a view to ascertain how far the language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is adapted to the purposes of poetic pleasure. Wordsworth, Preface to Lyrical Ballads 1800, 1802 The principal object, then, proposed in these Poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible in a selection of language really used by men, and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect; and, further, and above all, to make these incidents and situations interesting by tracing in them, truly though not ostentatiously, the primary laws of our nature: chiefly, as far as regards the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement. Humble and rustic life was generally chosen, because, in that condition, the essential passions of the heart find a better soil in which they can attain their maturity, are less under restraint, and speak a plainer and more emphatic language;[†¦. ] and, lastly, because in that condition the passions of men are incorporated with the beautiful and permanent forms of nature. The language, too, of these men has been adopted (purified indeed from what appear to be its real defects, from all lasting and rational causes of dislike or disgust) because such men hourly communicate with the best objects from which the best part of language is originally derived; and because, from their rank in society and the sameness and narrow circle of their intercourse, being less under the influence of social vanity, they convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions. You read "English Romanticism" in category "Essay examples" †¦ For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: and though this be true, Poems to which any value can be attached were never produced on any variety of subjects but by a man who, being possessed of more than usual organic sensibility, had also thought long and deeply. †¦ I have said that Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity: the emotion is contemplated till by a species of reaction the tranquillity gradually disappears, and an emotion, kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced, and does itself actually exist in the mind. In this mood successful composition generally begins, and in a mood similar to this it is carried on; but the emotion, of whatever kind and in whatever degree, from various causes is qualified by various pleasures, so that in describing any passions whatsoever, which are voluntarily described, the mind will upon the whole be in a state of enjoyment. What is a Poet? To whom does he address himself? And what language is to be expected from him? He is a man speaking to men: a man, it is true, endued with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness, who has a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul, than are supposed to be common among mankind; a man pleased with his own passions and volitions, and who rejoices more than other men in the spirit of life that is in him; delighting to contemplate similar volitions and passions as manifested in the goings-on of the Universe, and habitually impelled to create them where he does not find them. The Man of science seeks truth as a remote and unknown benefactor; he cherishes and loves it in his solitude: the Poet, singing a song in which all human beings join with him, rejoices in the presence of truth as our visible friend and hourly companion. Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge; it is the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all Science. Emphatically may it be said of the Poet, as Shakespeare hath said of man, ‘that he looks before and after. ‘ He is the rock of defence for human nature; an upholder and preserver, carrying everywhere with him relationship and love. In spite of difference of soil and climate, of language and manners, of laws and customs: in spite of things silently gone out of mind, and things violently destroyed; the Poet binds together by passion and knowledge the vast empire of human society, as it is spread over the whole earth, and over all time. †¦. I should mention one other circumstance which distinguishes these Poems from the popular Poetry of the day; it is this, that the feeling therein developed gives importance to the action and situation, and not the action and situation to the feeling. WE ARE SEVEN’ ——–A SIMPLE Child, That lightly draws its breath, And feels its life in every limb, What should it know of death? I met a little cottage Girl: She was eight years old, she said; Her hair was thick with many a curl That clustered round her head. She had a rustic, woodland air, And she was wildly clad: Her eyes were fair, and very fair; –Her beauty made me glad. â€Å"Sisters and brothers, little Maid, How many may you be? † â€Å"How many? Seven in all,† she said And wondering looked at me. â€Å"And where are they? I pray you tell. She answered, â€Å"Seven are we; And two of us at Conway dwell, And two are gone to sea. â€Å"Two of us in the church-yard lie, My sister and my brother; And, in the church-yard cottage, I Dwell near them with my mother. † â€Å"You say that two at Conway dwell, And two are gone to sea, Yet ye are seven! –I pray you tell, Sweet Maid, how this may be. † Then did the little Maid reply, â€Å"Seven boys and girls are we; Two of us in the church-yard lie, Beneath the church-yard tree. † â€Å"You run about, my little Maid, Your limbs they are alive; If two are in the church-yard laid, Then ye are only five. † â€Å"Their graves are green, they may be seen,† The little Maid replied, â€Å"Twelve steps or more from my mother’s door, And they are side by side. â€Å"My stockings there I often knit, My kerchief there I hem; And there upon the ground I sit, And sing a song to them. â€Å"And often after sunset, Sir, When it is light and fair, I take my little porringer, And eat my supper there. â€Å"The first that died was sister Jane; In bed she moaning lay, Till God released her of her pain; And then she went away. So in the church-yard she was laid; And, when the grass was dry, Together round her grave we played, My brother John and I. â€Å"And when the ground was white with snow, And I could run and slide, My brother John was forced to go, And he lies by her side. † â€Å"How many are you, then,† said I, â€Å"If they two are in heaven? „ Quick was the little Maid’s reply, â⠂¬Å"O Master! we are seven. † â€Å"But they are dead; those two are dead! Their spirits are in heaven! „ ‘Twas throwing words away; for still The little Maid would have her will, And said, â€Å"Nay, we are seven! The Prelude 1799, 1805, 1850 Plan to write a greate philosophical poem The Recluse or views of Nature, Man, and Society, encouraged by S. T. C. ‘a poem to Coleridge’ ‘a poem on the growth of [the poet’s] mind’ The main hero THE IMAGINATION †¦ Not Chaos, not The Darkest pit of lowest Erebus, Not aught of blinder vacancy, scooped out By help of dreams – can breed such fear and awe As fall upon us often when we look Into our Minds, into the Mind of Man– My haunt, and the main region of my song Prospectus to The Recluse ll. 35-4 How to cite English Romanticism, Essay examples

Tok thoughts Essay Example For Students

Tok thoughts Essay A person can speak meaningfully about a historical fact. They can tell someone about a event that happened in history. It can make sense if the person speaking about a point and time in history if they know all or most of the facts about it. Someone can speak with certainty about anything in the past if they know the actual facts and understands what actually took place during that point and time. This person would have to learn the information before using it. They can either get their information through primary source documents or secondary source documents. It is best that the person gets the information from a primary source document because the information s factual and came from that point and time in history. We dont really know whether the historical information is a fact, especially ancient history. 2. In todays society, people rely on the internet to gain knowledge and study history. This method is mostly used by the people of today because it is easier and can be done in your own home. We will write a custom essay on Tok thoughts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This effects the study of history because there can be false information on the internet; a person surfing the internet would not know which information is reliable or not. We dont really know whether the information is true or false if we have not studied the information before. For example, anyone can put information onto the internet. Websites , like Wikipedia, give access to internet users to change the information on the website. Now having the internet as a source means that fewer people would use encyclopedias or the library; they would not choose books with factual information over the internet. Now we do not observe the past directly because we were not there to witness what actually happened in that time in history. We wont be able to observe the past directly because we cannnot go back in time to witness the factual information in history. 3. In the following claim, it says that we cannot write ancient history because we do not have enough information and we cannot write modern history because we have too much information. This claim is saying that we were not there to witness what actually happened in ancient times. One way we can get the information that was passed down from generation to generation. This information is unreliable because word passed by mouth over time can be changed to make the passed seem different. It also is saying that we cannot write modern history because we have too much information and most of the information is not needed. There is so much useful information that is out there, but someone needs to determine which information is needed. We dont know who picks and chooses which information is reliable. We cannot distinguish which information is necessary to write about modern history. 4. I think that the ability to analyze evidence scientifically is most important attribute of the historians. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our  International Baccalaureate Theory of Knowledge  section.

5 Sentences in Need of Commas

5 Sentences in Need of Commas 5 Sentences in Need of Commas 5 Sentences in Need of Commas By Mark Nichol Commas signal delineation in sentences, sometimes showing the break point between two thoughts and sometimes marking the beginning and end of a phrase inserted in the midst of a sentence. Here are five sentences in which a single comma, or the second of an inseparable pair, is missing, with revisions and explanations. 1. â€Å"Even when he was caught, some say he was plotting.† The phrase â€Å"some say† is an interjection in the midst of the statement â€Å"Even when he was caught, he was plotting.† It is not enough to merely insert the phrase; one must bracket it in commas (the first of which supersedes the original comma, the function of which is to separate the sentence’s two clauses): â€Å"Even when he was caught, some say, he was plotting.† 2. â€Å"Sorry guys, she’s married.† When directing a comment at readers, the writer must set off with commas the word or words used to identify the audience: â€Å"Sorry, guys, she’s married.† (Otherwise, the writer appears to be addressing guys who are sorry though they are sorry if they’re thinking they have a chance with the woman in question, so the erroneous version almost works.) The sentence is further improved by distinguishing the internal punctuation to enhance the impact of the statement: â€Å"Sorry, guys she’s married.† 3. â€Å"Now there’s a formula for ethical quandary.† Terms that are located at the beginning of a sentence and that refer to time (now, soon, before, afterward, and so on) may or may not, depending on their function, be followed by a comma, but in this case, in which now is used as a meaningless interjection and the emphasis is on the expletive there’s, it is essential: â€Å"Now, there’s a formula for ethical quandary.† Otherwise, the statement reads like a pitch from a television commercial for a shampoo formulated to eradicate ethical quandary. (Now, that would be a hot-selling product.) 4. â€Å"Residents decide driving, and shorter trips to places like Canada are safer options.† The phrase referring to travel to Canada is an interjection inserted into â€Å"Residents decide driving is the safer option,† with a change in the verb is and conversion of the singular option to the plural options to accommodate the additional choice: â€Å"Residents decide driving, and shorter trips to places like Canada, are safer options.† (Note that if the conjunction and were replaced with or, the verb and the form of the noun would remain singular: â€Å"Residents decide driving, or shorter trips to places like Canada, is a safer option.†) Alternatively, the sole comma in the original version could be omitted (â€Å"Residents decide driving and shorter trips to places like Canada are safer options†), but that revision changes the sense somewhat, turning a parenthetical aside into an integral part of the statement. 5. â€Å"This city knows how to create high-rise neighborhoods while San Francisco just talks about it.† Without a comma between the two clauses in this sentence, it reads as if one city has the knowledge about how to create high-rise neighborhoods during the time San Francisco just talks about it. But the meaning is that while San Francisco dawdles, the other city does: â€Å"This city knows how to create high-rise neighborhoods, while San Francisco just talks about it.† While is not used here to mean â€Å"at the same time,† denoting a continuation of one thought; it is a synonym for whereas, and the comma signals a new thought. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Use a Dash for Number RangesHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Using Shaping to Mold Child Behavior

Using Shaping to Mold Child Behavior Shaping (also known as successive approximation) is a teaching technique that involves a teacher rewarding a child as she or he successfully improves the acquisition of a target skill. Shaping is considered an essential process in teaching because behavior cannot be rewarded unless it first occurs. Shaping is intended to lead children in the direction of appropriate complex behavior, and then reward them as they complete each successive step. Best Practices for Behavior Shaping First, a teacher needs to identify the students strengths and weaknesses around a specific skill, and then break the skill into a series of steps that lead a child toward that target. If the targeted skill is being able to write with a pencil, a child might have difficulty holding a pencil. An appropriate assistive step-wise strategy might start with the teacher placing his or her hand over the childs hand, demonstrating to the child the correct pencil grasp. Once the child achieves this step, they are rewarded and the next step is undertaken. The first step for another student who is uninterested in writing but does like to paint might be providing the student with a paint brush  and rewarding the painting of a letter. In each case, you are helping a child approximate the topography of the behavior you want so that you can reinforce that behavior as the child grows and develops. Shaping may require a teacher to create a task analysis of the skill in order to create a roadmap for shaping the behavior or meeting the final skill goal. In that case, it is also critical for the teacher to model the shaping protocol for classroom para-professionals (teachers aides) so that they know what approximations are successful and which approximations need to be cleared and retaught. Although this may seem like a painstaking and slow process, the step and reward process deeply embeds the behavior in the students memory, so that he or she will be likely to repeat it. History Shaping is a technique that arose from behaviorism, a field of psychology established by B.F. Skinner and based on the relationship between behaviors and their reinforcement. Skinner believed that behaviors need to be reinforced by specific preferred items or food, but can be also paired with social reinforcement like praise. Behaviorism and behavioral theories are the foundations of applied behavior analysis  (ABA), which is used successfully with children who fall somewhere on the autistic spectrum. Although often considered mechanistic, ABA has the advantage of allowing the therapist, teacher, or parent to take a dispassionate look at the specific behavior, rather than focus on a moral aspect of the behavior (as in Robert should know that its wrong!). Shaping is not restricted to teaching techniques with autistic children. Skinner himself used it to teach animals to perform tasks, and marketing professionals have used shaping to establish preferences in a customers shopping behaviors. Examples Maria used shaping to help Angelica learn to feed herself independently, by helping Angelica use the spoon hand over hand - moving to touch Angelicas wrist until Angelica was finally able to pick up her spoon and eat from her bowl independently.While teaching Robert to use the toilet independently to urinate, his mother, Susan, saw that he had difficulty pulling up his pants. She decided to shape this step in her task analysis by praising and reinforcing his ability to pull his pants up to his knees, then stretching out the elastic waist to finish the step, and then helping Robert by using hand over hand to complete the pulling up pants step.One shaping experiment that Skinner conducted was when he and his associates decided to teach a pigeon to bowl. The target task was to get the bird to send a wooden ball down a miniature alley toward a set of toy pins, by swiping the ball with a sideward movement of its beak. The researchers first reinforced any swipe that looked like what they had in mind, then reinforced any that approximated what they wanted, and within a few minutes, they had succeeded. One way modern marketers use shaping is to provide a free sample of a product and include a coupon for the large discount on the purchase price. In the first purchase, the consumer would find a coupon for a smaller discount, and so forth, until the consumer no longer needs the incentives and has established the desired behavior. Sources Koegel, Robert L. Assessing and Training Teachers in the Generalized Use of Behavior Modification with Autistic Children, Dennis C. Russo, Arnold Rincover, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Wiley Online Library, 1977. Peterson, Gail B. A Day of Great Illumination: B. F. Skinners Discovery of Shaping. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10.1901/jeab.2004.82-317, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, November 2004, Bethesda, MD. Rothschild, Michael L. Behavioral Learning Theory: Its Relevance to Marketing and Promotions. Journal of Marketing, William C. Gaidis, Vol. 45, No. 2, Sage Publications, Inc., JSTOR, Spring 1981.

Status of Women in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Status of Women in Islam - Essay Example In India the widow was consigned to flames at the funeral pyre of her dead husband. The religious faiths given to asceticism regarded her as the source of sin, the door leading to transgression and contact with her was considered an impediment in spiritual development and salvation. In most civilizations of the world she enjoyed no place in society. [1] She was contemptible and despised in their estimate. She had no social and political rights. She could not exercise her own free will in any financial deal. She was under the tutelage of her father, later under the oppressive rule of the tyrant of a husband and lastly under the patronizing care of the male offspring. She was not permitted by long standing conventions to challenge their authority and she had no course of justice to appeal to by way of escape from tyranny and excesses--not even a breath of complaint. Undoubtedly she has at times been in the seat of authority in some parts of the world. And it is also on record in the world history that empires and governments have danced to her tune, even tantrums, and it has been a common occurrence that she has had ascendancy in familial, tribal and monarchial activities. In some uncivilized tribes she had enjoyed superiority and rule and there are remnants of it still to be seen. [2] Yet as female of the human species, there was little change in her status and she suffered in silence through the course of history and remained deprived of her due rights as usual. Role of Women in Religion Muslims seek guidance from Allah through His book, the Qur'an, and His messenger Mohammed. Muslims believe that the word of Allah is supreme and takes precedence over all traditions cultures. Muslim women were expected to participate in the prayer sessions as the Mosque along with that of the men. Not only were women granted equality like the men, the women were given the same spiritual status as men. "Whoever works righteousness, man or woman, and has Faith, Verily, to him will We give new Life, and life that is good and pure, and We will bestow on such their reward according to the best of their actions." (Koran, Sura 16, Verse 97) [3]. As the Islamic state and religion expanded, interpretations of the gender roles laid out in the Quran varied with different cultures. [4] In modern contemporary times, some Muslim women, as well as men, have rejected the limitations put on them and have begun to re-interpret the Qur'an. "I shall not lose sight of the labor of any of you who labors in My way, be it man or woman; each of you is equal to the other (3:195)" [5] "Spiritual equality, responsibility and accountability for both men and women is a well developed theme in the Quran. Understanding the spiritual equality of women in Islam is to understand that equality between men and women in the sight of God is not limited to purely spiritual, religious issues, but is the basis for equality in all temporal aspects of human life." [6] Independence and Freedom of Choice As for what Muslim feminists argue women should wear to conform to Islamic ideals: unlike Islamists, who maintain that the hijab stands as the very symbol of Muslim piety; the most important element for Muslim feminists appears to be the element of freedom of choice in interpreting the Islamic dress code. Mai

Role of U.S. Government Administrative Agencies Essay

Role of U.S. Government Administrative Agencies - Essay Example They play an appropriate role in checking the powers of business and other organs to prevent causing social, economic, and political and general form of harm to the national welfare. These agencies are formed for substantial national fields, such as security, transportation, labor, and immigration among others. This paper involves an analysis of ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), as an agency created and empowered by the Congress to regulate interstate commerce in the United States. The case study has been used to answer how the government agencies function to improve the lives of the citizens when it overstretches its power to cause harm and its operations within a democratic government. The document also discusses the administrative law and how it merges with government agencies to improve citizens’ quality of life. Keywords: Government Agency, ICC, Business, Power, Congress, Citizens, Protection Law, Policies, Programs, Interstate, Intrastate, Regulations, Public Interes t The United States citizens have always been granted the freedom to express and practice legal businesses, as one way to improve their lives and contribute to the US economic development. However, the people, businesses, or organizations tend to make oppressive decisions or actions that could be based on self-interest first, before the rest of the society. As a result, the nation’s welfare and important issues could be injured at the expense of the minority groups; hence, the US government administrative agencies have to come in and to enforce law and order, through its bestowed authority to solve various controversies, by declaring implementation of specific public policies. In the Shreveport case, the interstate commerce commission (ICC), a Congress created and empowered regulatory government agency had intervened in the high rates of fare that were charged between Louisiana and Texas traffic, which could have damaged the commerce and interactive movement between the two s tates. After a deep investigation, the ICC found the interstate rates discriminative and unreasonable, it fixed the maximum rates of interstate traveling westwards to Texas market, and ordered the affected railroads to fix (raise) the intrastate rates of freight traveling eastwards to Texas markets (â€Å"National commerce† n.d., p. 72).  

The Cocoa Industrys Effects on Ivory Coasts Economy

The Cocoa Industrys Effects on Ivory Coasts Economy Chocolate is a sweet delicacy that is associated with joy, comfort and delight. However most consumers do not consider the origins of chocolate and the process it has gone through before it is purchased and eaten. Chocolate is a highly consumed treat in Canada and the United-States, and it is one of my personal favorite sweets, yet there are many worrisome issues that happen throughout chocolates production. The cocoa bean, chocolates main ingredient, must be grown in tropical climates and it is therefore grown in several countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. West Africa is the largest exporting region of cocoa beans, with the Ivory Coast as its principle provider, supplying 40% of the worlds cocoa reserves and it comprising one-third of the countries economic revenue (Isern, 2006). The Ivory Coasts economy is therefore extremely dependant on cocoa bean buyers who in turn rely on the consumption of chocolate in North America and Europe. This has not only led to numerous econom ic problems, including an unbalanced economy and high debts, but also several social problems, such as child labour. It is imperative to understand the conditions that have led to this social injustice, because Sub-Saharan Africa has the leading rate of child labour worldwide, and the Ivory Coast is a key contributor to this problem. (Kielland and Nkamleu, 2005). For my research, I will examine how the Ivory Coast has become dependent on cocoa exportations and the role transnational corporations have played throughout this process, resulting in them having increasing amounts of power in the cocoa industry. I will also examine the effects of these changes on the Ivory Coasts economy and on the labour force. My working thesis is as follows: Due to the liberalization of trade policies, the Ivory Coasts economy has become reliant on cocoa exportations. As a result, transnational cocoa buyers have obtained power over social conditions within the country, leading to the unethical practice of child labour. To fully expand on this thesis, I will firstly explain the conditions that led to the implementation of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank in the Ivory Coast. I will secondly examine the consequences of the SAPs on their economy and the increasing centralized power that transnational buyers have obtained. Thirdly, I will examine the effects this has had on child labour and finally the initiatives the Ivory Coasts government and the global community have taken to eradicate child labour. The Historical Context of Liberalization Ever since the Ivory Coast has become independent from France, its economy has been seriously dependant on primary commodities, particularly cocoa (Ahoua 1993). The cocoa industry was regulated by a public organization established by the Ivorian government called the Caisse de Stabilization (Caistab), that offered subsidies, controlled exports in order to protect the Ivorian cocoa market (Losch 2001). However, regardless of the Caistab, the Ivory Coast did not have the economic capacity or stability to deal with the effects of the oil crisis in the 1970s, which resulted in a global drop in cocoa prices. (ibid). The fluctuations of cocoa prices already impacted the countries inner stability and prosperity, causing the beginning of several long-lasting economic issues. Along with the Caistab, the Ivorian government was equally providing funding for infrastructures, such as transportation and energy, and the development of a nationally owned cocoa transforming industry, called SIFCA (Ah oua 1993). All this led to increased lending from banks, amounting to the formation of enormous debts. From 1987 to 1989, the Ivory Coast actively attempted to exert power on the globally dropping cocoa prices by withdrawing from the markets and stopping all exportations. (Losch 2001) However, the Ivory Coasts government was incapable of sustaining such a protest due to their economys dependence on cocoa profits, forcing them to recommence exportations after two months (ibid). This had little effect prices, since corporations had enough stored cocoa to sustain the protest, however it had disastrous effects on the Ivorian economy, pushing their already indebted economy into a crisis (ibid). All these issues created the conditions leading to the liberalization of the Ivory Coasts economy. To amend their problems, the Ivory Coast needed to receive loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB). To receive these loans, countries needed to implement Structural Adjustment Programs, fulfilling the stipulations dictated to them by these international organizations. Some conditions included the dismantling of the Caistab, a further drop in the prices of Ivorian cocoa, a cutback in government subsidies given to cocoa farmers, a reduction of tariffs on imports and lesser taxation on industries (Ahoua, 1993). These reforms were suppose to allow the country receive funding from transnational corporations, allowing them to repay their debt. Pardoning the countrys debt was not a considered option by the IMF or WB (ibid). Moreover, social reforms were promised, to ameliorate education and health care, however this was to be effectuated without receiving additional funding and by promoting privatization, which rendered no real improvements (ibid). The Increasing Power of Transnational Corporations All these adjustments were meant to decrease government spending in the cocoa industry and encourage privatization resulting in the development of the country. However, the profits coming from these initiatives were used to further develop the cocoa industry, and not other sectors of the country, increasing the countries cocoa dependency (Isern 2006). Initially, cocoa farmers had control over the markets since there were several buyers competing for their beans, however the centralization of cocoa producer and manufacturers rapidly turned the industry into a buyer-driven market (Folds 2001). Three main cocoa bean buyers have subsequently emerged out of this process: Barry Callebaut, Cargill and Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) (Folds 2002). This oligopoly forces farmers compliance with the conditions demanded by the transnational buyers, otherwise famers are incapable of selling their cocoa beans. The Ivory Coasts cocoa bean processor SIFCA was also bought by Cargill, rendering their gov ernments attempts to influence the processing industry ineffective (Losch 2001). To make matters worse, the global demand for cocoa is far inferior to the supply provided by the Ivory Coast and competing countries, such as Ghana and Indonesia (ibid). This is detrimental because the Ivory Coast is obligate to produce the best quality cocoa for the lowest price possible to attract the investment from the limited number of corporations, resulting in a further drop of the global cocoa (Losch, 2001). Due to this, farmers are often forced to resort to child labour to overcome these constraints. Another dimension that limits the power farmers have in the market is the two-tiered nature of the cocoa industry. Folds (2002) distinguishes them into grinders, who transform cocoa beans into butter, powder or liquor, and branders, who then transform the cocoa into finished products. This division can create confusion when trying to designate whose responsibility it is to ensure the use of ethical labour practices (Isern, 2006). For example, in 2005, Nestlà ©, ADM and Cargill were sued by the International Labour Rights Fund (ILRF) for buying chocolate from farmers using child labour. Nestlà © denied its involvement by stating that it has no direct cocoa procurement in Ivory Coast, since the company directly buys transformed beans from ADM or Cargill (Orr, 2006). Additionally, ADM and Cargill buy their beans from middlemen, and not immediately from the cocoa farmers, giving them the opportunity to once again pass off the blame (Parenti, 2008). As a result, consumers are increasing ly disconnected from the process and conditions laborers are subjected to in chocolates production. However, certain initiatives have derived from trade liberalization that have helped empower farmers and strive for better labour conditions. There is a growing consumer demand for products created under ethical conditions, creating special markets that can have positive effects in countries (FLO 2005). For example, the Fair Trade movement has aimed to eliminate child labour in the cocoa industry and allows consumer to demonstrate their support for this cause by buying products under these labels. (ICCO 2006). Specifically, the Fairtrade Labeling Organization (FLO) has set standards to determine what is considered Fair Trade cocoa, and has certified compliant companies and countries, giving consumers the information needed to make responsible purchases (FLO 2005). The Max Havelaar Foundation has also contributed to this cause by providing fair wages to small-scale farmers, and supporting fair trade cocoa. (ICCO 2006). Nevertheless, Fair Trade cocoa has remained unpopular, representin g 0.1 % of the market (ICCO 2006). Furthermore, Fair Trade cocoa is not commonly produced in the Ivory Coast, rendering zero sales in 2004 (FLO 2005). Although these organizations have been created through consumer demand for them, they have been unsuccessful in producing sustainable change in the Ivory Coast. This demonstrates the need for different initiatives coming from within the countries, as well as global initiatives to reduce child labour. The Consequences on Child Labour Several initiatives have been established to eradicate child labour in the Ivory Coast and the cocoa industry. In fact, the Ivorian government has officially prohibited children under the age of 18 from working, and has signed the Harkin-Engel protocol to fully abolish child labour from cocoa farms (Parenti, 2008). The International Labour Organization and transnational corporations, such as Nestle and ADM, also voluntarily signed this protocol to abolish the worst form of child labour (Isern, 2006). Prohibited activities include wielding a machete, spraying pesticides and heavy lifting, since they are deemed as harmful forms of labour (Parenti, 2008). However, even with these attempts, little improvements have been made and issues of blame and responsibility have been created. Does the Ivorian governments failed initiatives warrant an increase in activities by international organizations and transnational corporations within their country? Or is this an infringement upon the Ivory C oasts sovereignty? The global community answer to this is that transnational corporations should be held responsible. For example, in the newspaper article Slave Chocolate, protestors in San Francisco expressed their disproval of Nestlà ©s labour practices, determining that it is undoubtedly Nestlà ©s responsibility (Orr, 2006). A solution to ensure the responsibility of transnational corporations, originally proposed by The Harkin-Engel protocol, was to implement a child labour label on chocolate products, in order to easily inform consumers about the labour conditions involved throughout their production. (Parenti, 2008) Although this seemed like a good initiative to reduce child labour, it could instead have harmful effect on the poorest farmers and likewise the Ivorian economy. Consumers would discriminate against chocolate produced with child labour, further punishing the poorest farmers who necessitate its use (Isern 2006). This would ultimately worsen the problem and increase the rates of child labour. This demonstrates that policies will essentially need to target trade laws and try to establish a more just free market. On the other hand, it can also be argued that child labour in the Ivory Coast is not entirely a product of the economic dependency on cocoa exportations. In Kiellands (2006) study, she remarks that most forms of child labour were in fact seen as a socialization method; giving families the opportunity to teach their children the proper methods of farming cocoa. She also remarks that community involvement is a more prevalent value in the Ivorian culture, and therefore child labour is often seen as the childs contribution to society. However, there are also many dangers with child labour such as trafficking, abuse and harmful labour practices. Additionally, children who worked on cocoa farms were less likely to attend school than those who did not farm cocoa (Kielland 2006). She suggested that more a more effective implementation of governmental policies would be necessary to prevent child labour by, for example, providing social services and ensuring that adult wages were sufficiently high, thus making child labour unnecessary (ibid). A stricter implementation of government policies surrounding school attendance could also help eradicate child labour. Conclusion To conclude, transnational corporations have obtained increasing amounts of power in the cocoa industry and the Ivory Coast because of trade liberalization and the centralization of the cocoa processing industry. This has had several consequences, such as an increased economic dependence on cocoa exports and higher rates of child labour within the country. Although the Ivory Coasts government and international organizations have attempted several initiatives to reduce child labour, none have been successful in creating sustainable change. Therefore, it becomes important to try new initiatives that confront the issues of the free market, because there is a direct correlation between child labour and the liberalization of cocoa trade. Furthermore, it is important to understand the surrounding complexities involving child labour, for example the different power relationships that come into play, in trying to effectively abolish it. More research is necessary to find a solution that will allow the Ivory Coasts economy to develop without negatively impacting human rights.

A social analysis of Child Support Policy in the U.S

It is the social responsibility of the government to reliably provide for the basic needs of its citizens. This is of particular importance in ensuring sustainable and equitable social and economic development in the community.Due to this reason, numerous government policies have been formulated and implemented to promote provision of support services to the vulnerable minority members of the community. Of importance here is the Child Support Policy, which mandates financial support responsibility for single parent child by the other parent.This paper gives a critical social analysis of Child Support policy as well as a brief history of this policy in the US.History and provisions of Child Support policy in USThe concern for child support policy in the United States can be traced back to the 19th century. This was after courts addressing martial breakdown and divorce cases identified the lack of enforceable legal provision providing for child support action by non-custodian parents ( Hansen, 1999).This concerns and increased public outcry led to the passage of the first federal child support enforcement later in 1952. Available information indicates that this legislation provided guidelines to state welfare agencies on determining when aid is necessary for single parent families.In 1975, the federal government enacted the Social Security Act, which provided more legal authority for enforcing collection of child support (Hansen, 1999).This was followed by the 1984 amendment on Child Support Enforcement dictating for improvement in state and local support enforcement programs through establishment of state-wide child support guidelines.Through this amendment, the states gained authority to withhold income for non-custodial parents who were paying for child support (Josephson, 1997). In addition, the law required state governments to report defiance or late payment of support by non-custodial parents to consumer credit agencies.According to the provisions of the cu rrent child support laws, an individual is termed as a non-custodial parent in three conditions namely; if the child was as a result of a relationship, a marriage that was terminated through divorce or separation, and/or even in cases were none of such existed (Meyer, & Cancian, 2005).Social value of child Support policy in the community Child support policy in the United States has been marked with numerous controversies among members of the political, social, and economic fronts of the community.Proponents of the policy have cited its instrumental role it plays in promoting sustainable parental care responsibility on children. According to available information, the high rates of divorce in the nation have resulted into increased burden to members of the society.This is because most victims of single families are economically dependent. Thus, the policy serves the ultimate purpose of ensuring sustainable economic independence in single parent families (Department of Health, and Hu man Services, 2005).Another common assertion by supporters of child support policy is that it functions to mitigate unethical practices in the society. True to the letter, divorce rates are increasingly becoming a major social concern in the nation. On the contrary, this is found to negate the underlying purpose of marriage in the society.This has the implication that failing to enforce mandatory parental care for both parents will only serve to create injustice in the community (Department of Health and Human Services, 2005). This can be supported by the fact that the child in question is in essence the result of the relationship of the couples.In addition, child support policy finds its importance in reducing government expenditure on individual citizens, an element that promotes public policies for the common good of all in the society (Melli, & Oldham, 2000). As provided for in the constitution, the government should provide for the basic needs of its citizens.This means that th e government will increase its investment on providing for single families at the expense of other public projects. Due to this reason, child support policy in the united states of American functions a crucial role in promoting ethics of care and equitable justice in the society.However, child support policies have not been without critics. It is a common claim by opponents that this policy is a real source of resource wastage in the community. The law requires a law enforcement of the policy through court agreement between the custodian parent and the non-custodian parent of the child.According to available statistical information, an estimated over 60 percent of child support cases end up in a long court battle between the disputing parties (Hansen, 1999). This has the ultimate implication that both parties are entail to loosing both in time and financial resources.Still, the provisions of the child support policy can be seen as a contradiction of individual right to equal opportu nity. Existing legislations on child support enforcement give state and local governments to report to consumer credit agencies any delays by non-custodial parents to pay support (Meyer, & Cancian, 2005).However, this requirement does not take into account the question of employment loss or financial crisis on the side of the non-custodial parent.This has the implication that the policy limits the sustainable social and economic development of these individuals in the society. Failure by the policy to appreciate the dynamics of the employment market is thus a contradiction of the constitutional provisions of equal opportunity.

The Development Of A Social Work - 1527 Words

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New Ideas of Humanists Castiglione and Pico della Mirandola Free Essay Example, 1500 words

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